Structural Testing and Design of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Square Hollow Sections

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of metal three-dimensional (3D) printing that has the potential for significant impact on construction industry due to its ability produce large parts with reasonable times and costs. However, there currently lack fundamental data performance structural elements produced using this manufacturing. Seeking bridge gap, compressive behavior resistance WAAM square hollow sections (SHS) are investigated in paper. In previous study by authors, testing reported sheet material same manner as studied SHS first summarized. The production, measurement, series stainless steel stub columns then described. Regular cross-section profiles were chosen isolate influence 3D enable direct comparisons be made against equivalent traditional methods A range sizes thicknesses considered achieve variations local cross-sectional slenderness tested specimens, allowing buckling assessed. Repeat tests enabled variability response between specimens evaluated; total 14 seven different slendernesses was tested, covering all classes AISC 370 Eurocode 3. Advanced noncontact measurement techniques employed determine as-built geometric properties, while digital image correlation measurements used provide detailed insight into deformation characteristics test specimens. Owing higher relative conventional forming processes, printed found exhibit more variable capacities repeat than generally displayed SHS. Comparisons column results existing design rules highlight need allow weakening effect undulations inherent process order safe-sided strength predictions.